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This work describes the emergence of techniques, their development, the flourishing of pure sciences and the evolution of concepts that led to applied sciences. It is about discovery, of how concepts originated in India, China, Japan, and how their applications impacted Europe and the world at large.

Science.

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Science

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This essay deals with the way science is perceived by our contemporaries, especially by philosophers. It is an attempt to dispel misunderstandings which science has often been a victim of.

Science --- Philosophy. --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science

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Science --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophy.

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The scientific evidence contained in the three volumes of the 6th IPCC report (AR6), published between August 2021 and April 2022, are another reminder of the urgent need to respect the 2015 Paris Agreement. 195 countries agreed to the goal of limiting long-term global temperature increase to “well below 2°C” compared to pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C by massively reducing their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs).Water and climate questions are usually addressed from the perspective of adaptation to climate change. For urban water services the mitigation aspect has been less studied up till now. These considerations fit into the broader context of the interdependence of energy and water (Water-Energy Nexus). This report approaches the question from the angle of energy use in the water sector rather than the better-known water requirements for the energy sector. Reducing GHG emissions in urban water management requires reducing both fossil energy requirements and direct emissions of nitrous oxide and methane. Finally, it must be said that the need to reduce the GHG emissions of water and sanitation services goes with the growing demand for water. It should increase by 50% between now and 2030 worldwide due to the combined effects of population growth, economic development, and the shift in consumer patterns.This synthetic report aims to provide an overview of possible levers to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of water and sanitation services and provides an analysis of how adaptation measures can embrace this low-carbon approach.

Environmental science, engineering & technology --- SCIENCE / Environmental Science